• • Co-ordinates: –
  • Region: Chūgoku Region
  • Prefecture: Shimane Prefecture
  • Height: 1126 metres.

Mount Sanbe

Mount Sanbe (三羝山) resides in Shimane Prefecture, and once stood in Izumo Province. The mountain rises to a height of 1126 meters above sea level.

During the time the Izumo Fudoki was compiled this Mountain was called Mount Sahime (佐比黄山). The mountain has connection to the ‘Land Pulling Myth,’ mentioned in the Izumo Fudoki. After the kami Yatsukamizu Omitsuno drags land from the country of Silla, he ties it to Izumo Province with a rope, which is fastened to Mount Sahime.¹

Footnotes

1. Carlqvist, A. (2010) “The Land Pulling Myth and Some Aspects of Historical Reality”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 37, No.2, pp.185-222.

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Hear about Izumo Province on Episode 9 of our Podcast, the Japan Archives.

• • See also: List of Provinces

Izumo Province

Izumo Province (出雲国), also known as Unshū (雲州), was an old Province of Japan, located in what is now Shimane Prefecture.¹ It formed one of the eight Provinces of the San’indō.¹²

The Province was formed of several districts, two known as Ou and Aika. Miyake no Omi Kanatari and Izumo no Omi Hiroshima came from these districts and were the compilers of the Izumo Fudoki.⁴

Mythological Accounts

There is a story concerning how this area was originally too small and so a Shinto kami made it larger. The tale is known as the ‘kunibiki shinwa‘ (国引神話 – Land Pulling Myth) and can be found in the Izumo Fudoki.

The tale relates how the kami Yatsukamizu Omitsuno finds this place too small, comparing it to a strip of narrow cloth. And so he looks across the ocean and finds places whose land is in excess.

First he sees Silla, and taking land from it using a hoe and dragging it with rope to Izumo he ties it to Kozu, which becomes Kidzuki Cape. He ties the rope to Sahime Mountain, the rope became Sono Long Beach.

Next he took from Saki Country, and tying it to Taku is became Sada Country. Then was Yonami Country, which he took from and tied to Unami, which became Kurami Country. Finally he took from the Tsutsu Cape in Koshi Province. The land he tied to Izumo became Miho Cape, and the rope he used became Yomi Island, the rope he tied to Hikami High Mountain.

Now satisfied he shouted ‘Owe!’ which is apparently why one district in Izumo Province was called Ou. He then thrusts he staff into the ground on an earthern mound to the north-east of the District Office in Ou.⁴

The burial place of Izanami, known as Hibayama, is purported to be located on the boundry of this province and Hahaki. Additionally, the Ifuya Pass is located here. This being the fabled location for the entrance of Yomi. The kami known as Takehiratori is said to be the ancestor of the Royal Representatives here.³

Yamato Takeru

The kojiki says that after Yamato Takeru defeated the Kumaso (Kumaso Rebellions) he returned to the Capital subduing every kami of the mountains and rivers on his way. And venturing through Izumo he decides he wished to slay the ‘Izumo Brave’.

He achieves this by making a friend of him, and crafts a copy of the Braves sword.

Together they bathe in the River Hi and after getting out Yamato Takeru takes the real sword. He then asks to spar together and kills him.

Afterwards making a song which goes as follows:

Alas that the sword girded on the Izumo brave, and wound round with many a creeper, should have had no true blade!

Yayoi and Kofun Periods

This area has been shown to have had a unique culture all the way back in the Yayoi Period. Late Yayoi evidence of an Izumo Alliance which branched east from Izumo to the Hokuriku Region and north to the Oki Islands. In the Kofun Period, this unique culture left behind special distinct tombs, and can be traced up to the Nara Period.⁴

Muromachi / Azuchi Momoyama Period

The area was once though as an area which rivalled the Yamato Court as a religious and political center. Overtime it was successivley controlled by the Sasaki, Yamana, Kyōgoku and Amago families until the 16th Century.¹

One member of the Amago Family, Amago Mochihisa became shugodai (deputy military governor) here in 1392² with Amago Tsunehisa conquering Oki Island and Izumo Province in 1486 during the Ōnin War.¹

Edo Period

In the early Edo Period, the Horio family built a castle here at Matsue and by 1634 it had passed to the Kyōgoku, who were later surplanted by Matsudaira in 1638.

The Matsudaira served as daimyo in this area until the Meiji Restoration. They ruled over the Matsu, Hirose and Mori domains which this province was divided into in 1684.¹

Haji Clan

This family emphasised ties to Izumo, their ancestral home, likely due to the importance it had gained in the kojiki and so they consilidated their geneology with the Izumo Magistrates.

They claimed to originally have held the title of Omi, but this was usually left for Izumo Magistrate family. It is perhaps their ties to this family which made them state this claim. Reliable sources show us they held title muraji which was appropriate to their status.

It is likely they came from Izumo to Yamato during the 5th century as the Yamato Court arose here. Legends say they came directly, but archaeological evidence shows they slowly emmigrated leaving settlements in Mimasaka and Harima Province.⁵

Nature

The Izumo Fudoki, and other contemporary sources, talks of a possible vine known as the ‘frosty kurodazura’ (霜黒葛) however no known modern equivelant is known.¹

Footnotes

1. Louis Frederic, translated by Kathe Roth (2002) “Japan Encyclopedia”. London: Harvard University Press.
2. Kodansha. (1993) ”Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia”. Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.
3. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Carlqvist, A. (2010) “The Land Pulling Myth and Some Aspects of Historical Reality”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 37, No.2, pp.185-222.
5. Borgen, R. (1975) “The Origins of the Sugawara. A History of the Haji Family”. Monumenta Nipponica. Vol.30 No.4 pp.405-422

Former Provinces of Japan
Kinai	Izumi * Kawachi * Settsu * Yamashiro * Yamato
Tōsandō	Dewa * Hida * Kōzuke * Mino * Mutsu * Omi * Shimotsuke * Shinano
Hokurikudō	Echigo * Echizen * Etchū * Kaga * Koshi * Wakasa
San’indō	Hōki * Inaba * Izumo * Tajima * Tamba * Tango
Tōkaidō	Ise * Kai * Kazusa * Mikawa * Owari * Sagami * Shimōsa * Suruga * Tōtōmi
Nankaidō	Awa * Iyo * Kii * Sanuki * Tosa
San’yōdō	Aki * Harima * Mimasaka
Saikaidaō	Bungo * Chikuzen * Hizen * Hyūga * Iki * Tsushima
Pre-Taihō Code	Kibi

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Nureonna

The Nureonna (濡れ女) is a type of serpentine, female Yōkai depicted in the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō and Hyakkai Zukan. Often this creature is depicted with wet hair which is plastered against its head. However, depictions made by Toriyama Sekien show the creatures with waving hair as well as arms.

The Yōkai is known to haunt river shorelines but also seas coasts.

Shimane Prefecture have stories of the Nureonna which state she often appears as a woman asking people she sees to hold her baby. After they do so she enters into the water and disappears.

This legend is further developed as other regions state she is married to the Ushioni. The story goes that the Nureonna would appear upon the coast and would hand over an infant to whomever should be passing by at the time. She would then disappear once more into the waves. This child would then gain weight until the person becomes pinned down, allowing the Ushioni to leave the waters to attack the poor passer-by who is now incapable of fleeing.¹

The depiction of the creature in the Hyakki Zukan (below) shows the creature without arms as Sekien has portrayed. And she retains the typical look of having her hair plastered against her head.

Other Depictions

Hyakkai Zukan	Bakemono no e

External Links

• View the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō online here: Gazu Hyakki Yagyō Online.

Footnotes

1. Yoda, H. and Alt, M. (2016) “Japandemonium: Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopaedia of Toriyama Sekien.”. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.

List of Supernatural Creatures

Abura akago * Aka Manto * Akaname * Akashita * Amanozako * Amefuri Kozo * Ameonna * Amikiri * Aoandō * Aōbozu * Aonyobo * Aosagi no hi * Ayakashi * Buruburu * Chochin bi * Dōjōji no kane * Dōmeki * Dorotabō * Enenra * Funa Yurei * Furaribi * Fūri * Furutsubaki no rei * Gaikotsu * Ganbari Nyudo * Gagoze * Gangikozō * Gensuke * Haka no hi * Hangonkō * Hannya * Hashi-Hime * Hatahiro * Hiderigami * Hikeshi baba * Himamushi-nyūdō * Hinode * Hitodama * Hitotsume Kozō * Hiyoribo * Hōkō * Hone Onna * Hyōsube * Ikiryō * Inugami * Jakotsubaba * Jatai * Jorōgumo * Kamaitachi * Kamikiri * Kanedama * Kageonna * Kappa * Kasha * Katawa Guruma * Kawa Akago * Kawauso * Kazenbō * Kidōmaru * Kitsunebi * Kejoro * Kerakeraonna * Kodama * Kokuribaba * Kosamebō * Kosode no te * Kosenjo no hi * Kurozuka * Makurageishi * Mikoshi * Minobi * Momiji-gari * Momonjii * Morinji no Kama * Nekomata * Ningyo * Ninmenju * Noderabō * Nopperabo * Nuppeppō * Nurarihyon * Nureonna * Nuribotoke * Nyūnai Suzume * Obariyon * Oboro-guruma * Ōkaburo * Ōkubi * Okiku * Ōmagatoki * Oni * Onihitokuchi * Onmoraki * Osakabe * Oshiroibaba * Otoroshi * Ouni * Ōzatō * Rokurokubi * Sakabashira * Samebito * Sansei * Sarakozoe * Satori * Sesshō-seki * Seta * Shinkirō * Shirachigo * Shiranui * Shōkera * Shokuin * Shuten-dōji * Sōgenbi * Suiko * Takaonna * Tamamo-no-mae * Tanuki * Tenasobi * Tenjō-Kudari * Tengu * Tengu Tsubute * Tenome * Teratsutsuki * Tesso * Tōdaiki * Tōfu Kozō * Tsurubebi * Ubagabi * Ubume * Umibozū * Umizatō * Ushinotoki-mairi * Ushioni * Uwan * Waira * Wani * Wanyudo * Yamabiko * Yamauba * Yamawarawa * Yanari * Yukionna * Zenki and Goki

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Ifuya Pass

The Ifuya Pass (Ifuya zaka), according to the Kojiki, is located in Izumo Province. This mountain pass was said to contain the location to the entrance to Yomi known as Hirasaka and is mentioned in the Engi Rites and Gazeteers which state a shrine existed named after this mountain pass. It is now located in the modern day city of Matsue, Shimane Prefecture.¹

Footnotes

1. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.

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• • Co-ordinates: 36°10′16.1″N 133°8′40.8″E
  • Region: Chūgoku Region
  • Prefecture: Shimane Prefecture

Okigashima

Okigashima (隠岐の島, Isles in the Offing/Oki Islands) is a small archipelago off the coast of Honshu.¹

According to the kojiki this island is the third of the Great Land of Eightfold Isles to have been born by Izanami and Izanagi, inhabited by the kami Amenooshikorowake.

The main text of the nihongi says it was the fourth island to be born at the same time as Sado Island.²

Land Pulling Myth

In the ‘Land Pulling Myth’ mentioned in the Izumo Fudoki an area called ‘Saki Country of the Northern Gate‘ (兆門佐伎之国) is mentioned and some believe it may refer to Naka Island (中ノ島) in this island chain.³

Yayoi Period

Evidence from the late Yayoi Period shows of an Izumo Alliance which branched east from Izumo Province to the Hokuriku Region and north to encompass the Oki Islands.³

Muromachi Period

Amago Tsunehisa conquered Oki Island and Izumo Province in 1486 during the Ōnin War.⁴

Footnotes

1. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
3. Carlqvist, A. (2010) “The Land Pulling Myth and Some Aspects of Historical Reality”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 37, No.2, pp.185-222.
4. Louis Frederic, translated by Kathe Roth (2002) “Japan Encyclopedia”. London: Harvard University Press.

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