• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: –
  • Family: –
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Tsudzura

Tsudzura is a man mentioned during the reign of Emperor Keikō. This man is called a Tsuchigumo and as such is killed by the Emperor in the 18th year of his reign.¹

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.

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Tsuchigumo

Tsuchigumo (土蜘蛛) is a type of Yōkai depicted in the Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki by Toriyama Sekien and various other literature such as the Bakemono no e.

The creature is an oversized spider type of creature.

Yōkai Connections

It is said Minamoto no Yorimitsu killed one of these creatures. The 1781 Kabuki Play called Kumo no Hyōshimai (Dance of the Spider Woman) has a version of this tale where Yorimitsu encouters a beautiful woman, only to see later that her shadow is shaped like a spider.

The Tokyo National Museum houses the Tsuchigumo no Sōshi Emaki, a large picture scroll showing the story of a Tsuchigumo. It can be viewed online.¹

Connection to ‘Barbarians’

Historically this word was used to describe those who would not submit to Imperial Rule, these people portrayed as monsters and barbarians. It is more likely however, that they were merely people who prefered to live their own way of life.¹

Some of the Kumaso people from Tsukushi appear to fall into this category as five people, Awo, Shira, Uchizaru, Yata and Kunimaro are called Tsuchigumo in the nihongi. The first two are even said to dwell in caves. Another by the name of Tsudzura is also seen in his reign.

They are all defeated by Imperial Forces during the reign of Emperor Keikō.²

Other Depictions

Bakemono no e	Minamoto Yorimitsu and Tsuchigumo, Kuniyoshi Utagawa

External Links

• • View the Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki online here: Konjaku Online.
  • View the Tsuchigumo no Sōshi Emaki online here: Tsuchigumo no Sōshi Emaki Online.

Footnotes

1. Yoda, H. and Alt, M. (2016) “Japandemonium: Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopaedia of Toriyama Sekien.”. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
2. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.

List of Supernatural Creatures

Abura akago * Aka Manto * Akaname * Akashita * Amanozako * Amefuri Kozo * Ameonna * Amikiri * Aoandō * Aōbozu * Aonyobo * Aosagi no hi * Ayakashi * Buruburu * Chochin bi * Dōjōji no kane * Dōmeki * Dorotabō * Enenra * Funa Yurei * Furaribi * Fūri * Furutsubaki no rei * Gaikotsu * Ganbari Nyudo * Gagoze * Gangikozō * Gensuke * Haka no hi * Hangonkō * Hannya * Hashi-Hime * Hatahiro * Hiderigami * Hikeshi baba * Himamushi-nyūdō * Hinode * Hitodama * Hitotsume Kozō * Hiyoribo * Hōkō * Hone Onna * Hyōsube * Ikiryō * Inugami * Jakotsubaba * Jatai * Jorōgumo * Kamaitachi * Kamikiri * Kanedama * Kageonna * Kappa * Kasha * Katawa Guruma * Kawa Akago * Kawauso * Kazenbō * Kidōmaru * Kitsunebi * Kejoro * Kerakeraonna * Kodama * Kokuribaba * Kosamebō * Kosode no te * Kosenjo no hi * Kurozuka * Makurageishi * Mikoshi * Minobi * Momiji-gari * Momonjii * Morinji no Kama * Nekomata * Ningyo * Ninmenju * Noderabō * Nopperabo * Nuppeppō * Nurarihyon * Nureonna * Nuribotoke * Nyūnai Suzume * Obariyon * Oboro-guruma * Ōkaburo * Ōkubi * Okiku * Ōmagatoki * Oni * Onihitokuchi * Onmoraki * Osakabe * Oshiroibaba * Otoroshi * Ouni * Ōzatō * Rokurokubi * Sakabashira * Samebito * Sansei * Sarakozoe * Satori * Sesshō-seki * Seta * Shinkirō * Shirachigo * Shiranui * Shōkera * Shokuin * Shuten-dōji * Sōgenbi * Suiko * Takaonna * Tamamo-no-mae * Tanuki * Tenasobi * Tenjō-Kudari * Tengu * Tengu Tsubute * Tenome * Teratsutsuki * Tesso * Tōdaiki * Tōfu Kozō * Tsurubebi * Ubagabi * Ubume * Umibozū * Umizatō * Ushinotoki-mairi * Ushioni * Uwan * Waira * Wani * Wanyudo * Yamabiko * Yamauba * Yamawarawa * Yanari * Yukionna * Zenki and Goki

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• • Reign: 71-130AD
  • Period: Legendary Period
  • Family: Emperor Suinin (father) Hibasuhime (mother) Yasakairihime (wife) Emperor Seimu (son) many children see below
  • Burial place: misasagi in Yamanobe
  • Order of Succession: Predecessor Emperor Suinin * Successor Emperor Seimu

Emperor Keikō

Emperor Keikō (景行天皇) was the twelfth Emperor of Japan also known as Ōtarashihiko Oshirowake no Mikoto (大足彦忍代別天皇)¹²³⁵. He ruled from 71-130AD and was said to be 10ft 5 inches tall.⁵

Family

Emperor Keikō is said to have an extensive family of 80 children consisting of 72 sons and 8 daughters. Most of his sons later became provincial governors or viceroys¹⁵ aside from Yamato Takeru, Ihokiirihiko and Emperor Seimu.¹

The kojiki and nihongi list different children at times.

This Emperor was the son of Emperor Suinin and Hibasuhime.¹²³⁶

With Yasakairihime he had the future Emperor Seimu,¹⁵ as well as Ihokiirihiko, Oshiwake, Ihokiirihime¹², Kagoyorihime, Isakinoirihiko, Kibinoehiko, Takakinoirihime, Otohime, Wakayamatoneko, Ōsuwake, Nunoshi no Iratsume and Nunaki no Iratsume.¹

With Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume he had several sons called Ōsu, Osu,¹⁵² Kushitsunuwake, Wakayamatoneko and Kamukushi.²

With Ōiratsume’s younger sister Inabi no waka iratsume he had to sons called Mawakanomiko and Hikohitonoohoye.²

With Midzuha no Iratsume he had Ihonohime.¹

With Ikahahime he had Kamikushi and Inasenoirihiko.¹

With Takadahime he had Takekunikoriwake.¹

With Ōtanehime of Kaminaga he had Hiuga no Sotsuhiko.¹

With Sonotakebime he had Kunichiwake, Kunisewake and Toyotowake.¹

With Mihakashihime he had a son called Toyokuniwake.¹²

With Kagurohime he had Ohoyenomiko.²

With an unnamed concubine he had Wakakinoiribiko.²

Prior to Reign

Prior to his reign in the 30th year of his fathers reign he and his brother Inishikinoiribiko were commanded to state what it is that they want. Inishikinoiribiko says all he wants is a bow and arrow, Emperor Keikō saying he wanted the throne.

Due to this the asked for gifts were given and Emperor Keikō was made heir officially in his 37th year of his ruling.¹

Reign

Emperor Keikō ascended to the throne in 71AD according to Ponsonby,⁵ more specifically 1st Year, Autumn, 7th Month, 11th day according to the nihongi. This was after being made heir in the 37th year of fathers reign, aged 21.¹

His palace was known as the Hishiro Palace and was located in Makimuku⁵⁶ and he took as his Empress Ōiratsume in the ‘2nd Year, Spring, 3rd Month, 3rd Day.’¹

Early Divination

In the 4rd Year, Spring, 2nd Month, 1st day of his reign a divination is undertaken to see if the Emperor should go to Kii to make a sacrifice to all the kami. The divination prooved to be unlucky and so the Emperor didn’t go sending instead Yanushioshihodakewogoro where he then stayed for nine years and married.⁵

Marriage to Yasakaiirihime

The Emperor ventured to Mino Province in the 4th Year, Spring, 2nd Month, 11th Day. Whilst here he is told about a woman called Otohime. The Emperor wanted her but she hid from him in a bamboo grove and so he provisonally made her live in the Kuguri Palace where he let lose a carp in the pond to watch them.

Otohime was interested and came to watch and so the Emperor detained her and had sex with her. Otohime says after she was ugly and unworthy of the Emperor and that a marriage together would not be convenient.

And so she mentions her older sister Yasakairihime and the Emperor agree to marry her and togther they have seven sons and six daughters. And he finally returns to the Hishiro Palace at Makimuku.⁵

Prince Ōsu

The Emperor later heard of the daughters of Kambone by the names of Anetohoko and Ototohoko and so sends his son Ōsu to collect them. However, his son decides he wants to marry them himself and has sex with them. The Emperor finds out and is furious. This is ralted in the nihongi.¹

In the kojiki he is sent to collect Yehime and Otohime and marries them instead. Sending different women to the Empeor. The Emperor realises they are the wrong women and so only looks at them from afar and never marries them.²³

Later on the Emperor asks why Ōsu does not attend him morning and night and sends Yamato Takeru to teach him his duties. After five days he asks where Ōsu is, Yamato Takeru saying their was trouble so in the morning while he brother went to the bathroom he grabbed him, crushed him and pulled of his limbs.

Wrapping them in matting and then throwing them away.²³

This was the reason why Yamato Takeru was later sent to deal with the Kumaso later in the Emperors 28th year.²³⁵

Establishing new ‘Be’

The Be known as the Tabe (labourers) and the Kashikade no ohotomo be (butlers, stewards, cooks of the Imperial House) were established.

1st Rebellion of the Kumaso and Tsuchigumo

For more information see: Kumaso Rebellions

A mentioning of the Kumaso Rebellion for the first time in the text of the nihongi does not include Yamato Takeru as the one who manages to defeat them.

It states that in the 12th Year, Autumn, 7th Month the Kumaso rebel giving no tribute and so in the 8th Month the Emperor goes to Tsukushi.

Arriving on the 5th day of the 9th Month in Saha he address his ministers and sends Takemorogi, Unade and Natsubana to see what is happening.

A female chief by the name of Kamunashihime is found and she submits herself and her people to the Emperor saying they are not the ones causing problems and so gives information on those who are. There names being Hanatari, Mimitari, Asahagi and Tsuchiworiwiwori all encamped in various places.

Eventually they are all defeated through various means by the 13th Year, Summer, 5th Month with the Emperor remaining in the Takaya Palace for six years where he takes Mihakashihime as a concubine having a son called Toyokuniwake.

Other source states it was instead Yamato Takeru who deals with the rebellion of the Kumaso⁵⁶.First in the 12th year of his reign where he goes to Tsukushi, and then again in the 13th year. During time Yamato Takeru resided in the Takaya Palace.⁶

Another female chief by the name of Hayatsuhime tells the Emperor of Tsuchigumo by the names of Awo and Shira living in the ‘Rat’s Cave,’ with another three called Uchizaru, Yata and Kunimaro living in Negino.

These people wouldn’t come under Imperial Rule and so mallets were given to the Imperial Troops made from camellia trees and all those living in the caves were killed.¹

Creating Provincial Leaders

The Emperor makes most of his 72 sons into provincial leaders sending them to live in the places they are to govern over. All of them given the title of wake to denote a branch house.⁵

Touring Kyushu

• • See also: Poems and Songs of Emperor Keiko

He is reported as the ruler who gave the North-West district of Kyushu its name of ‘Abundance’ after seeing the abundance of yams that grew here as well as giving Chikanoshima its name ‘Near Isles’ due to its proximity to Kyushu.²³

In his 17th year of reign he vsited the Koyu District in Hyuga visiting the moors of Nimo there. Missing the capital during the visit he composed a poem.

The following year (year 18) he tours Tsukushi and sees a group of men on the banks of the rive Ihase. He sends Hinamori the Younger and Hinamori the Elder to ask and the younger returns saying it is Idzumihime the kimi of Murokata. They banquet together.

In the summer of that year he arrives in Kuma summoning Kumatsuhiko the Younger and Kumatsuhiko the Elder. Only the Elder comes and so the Younger is put to death.

In Ashikata, he asks Wohidari for water, but there is none, so he prays and a spring comes forth from the cliffs.

Later, in the 5th month, he sails to Hi but there were lost at night and end up following a fire they see, and upon arriving in Toyomura he is told the fires were not man made.¹ These were the phenomenon known as the Shiranui.⁴

The next month he kills a Tsuchigumo called Tsudzura in the Tamakina District  and on the 16th day of that month he arrives in Aso asking who lives here to which two kami called Asotsuhiko and Asotsuhime say this is where they dwell.

In the 7th month he constructs a palace at Takaya. here was a tree once so tall it covered the Hill of Kishima in shade in the morning and Mount Aso in the evening, and so the Emperor composed a song about it.

Arriving in Yame he asks if a kami dwells here. Saruohomi tells him that Yametsuhime dwells here which is where the area got the name from.

In the 25th year of his reign he tasks Takeuchi to enquire about the geography of the Northern and Eastern Provinces for the well being of the people.

He returns to the Emperor saying in the East is a place called Hitakami where the Yemishi live and that they should be attacked due to having fertile land.¹

2nd Rebellion of the Kumaso

In the 27th year Yamato Takeru is sent to Tsukushi as the Kumaso are plundering the border regions.¹⁶

He takes several men with him and here they meet the leader Torishikaya. At a banquet Yamato Takeru disguises self as a woman, sitting next to the leader. Once he is drunk, Yamato Takeru eventually kills him with the rest of his men killing the remaining Kumaso peoples.¹

The Jinnō Shōtōki similarly also only gives one leader by the name of Takeruhito Konokamitori Ishikaya. This leader praises the prince for killing him and gives him the name of ‘Yamato Takeru.’⁶

Other sources, such as Ponsonby, say there were two tribal leaders killed by Yamato Takeru.⁵

Returning after this he kills the kami of the Ferry of Ana and the Ferry of Kashiha declaring these two matter completed in the 28th year of the Emperors reign.¹

Rebellion of Emishi and death of Yamato Takeru

In the Emperors 40th year Yamato Takeru is sent east to deal with the rebelling Eastern Barbarians (tōi) accompanied by Kibi no Takehiko and Ōtomo no Takehi. Going via the Ise Grand Shrine he is given the sword Kusanagi by his aunt Yamatohime.¹⁶

Prior to this Ministers inquired as to who should be the one to go deal with the threat with Yamato Takeru saying his brother Ōsu should go.¹ This of course contradicts the kojiki as Yamato Takeru had already ripped apart his brother in that narrative.²³

Following these exploits he goes on to kill several kami, however, one kami eventually make him ill and he passes away aged 30. The Emperor orders him buried on the plain of Nobo and also has tombs for him made in Kotohiki no Hara in Yamato and Furuichi in Kawachi as they see the spirit of Yamato Takeru as a bird fly to these places.¹⁶

After these were subjugated the Emperor took a tour of these places in the 53rd and 54th years of his reign before moving his palace to Shiga in Ōmi the following year.⁵ During this time he stayed in the Kambuta Palace in Ise.⁶

Events following Takeru’s Death

In his 43rd year of reign he established the Takeru Be in honor of Yamato Takeru.¹

In the 51st year of his reign he is said to have made Takeuchi no Sukune prime minister¹⁶ and the future Emperor Seimu prince Imperial. This was following on from a feast in which the two of them did not attend, as they chose to stand guard so the other Ministers could enjoy themselves; this made the Emperor happy.

Kusanagi is also said to have been placed in the Atsuta Shrine.

The captured Emishi are said to have fought day and night, with Yamatohime saying to not allow them near to the Ise Grand Shrine; and so they were sent to live next to Mount Mimoro.

They continue to fight, scaring those that live in the area and so the Emperor sends them to live in Harima, Sanuki, Iyo, Aki and Aha Provinces.

In the 53rd year of his reign he wished to see the lands subdued by Yamato Takeru, going to Ise, Kadzusa and Awa. He captured clams, with Ihaka Mutsukari making him a shoulder strap to carry them and as a reward gives to him the
Ōtomo Be. Eventually the Emperor comes to reside in the Kambata Palace in Ise.

In the 54th year he sends Prince Hikosajima to govern the 15 Provinces of the Tōsandō though he dies before taking residence there. In responce to this, in the 56th year he instead sends Prince Mimorowake to take his place and he deals with the Emishi in the area..

In his 57th year he has the Pool of Sakate built with embankments planted with bamboo and had every province construct granaries.¹²³

Death

The Emperor died in 130AD at the age of 143 according to Ponsonby.⁵ The Jinnō Shōtōki says he died age 140⁶ and the nihongi gives him a much younger age of 106 when he passed away.¹

The nihongi additionally says he passed away in the ’60th year, Winter, 11th month, 7th day whilst in the Takaanaho Palace.’¹

He was buried in the 2nd year, Winter, 11th month, 10th day of his sons reign in his misasagi in Yamanobe.¹

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
2. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.
4. Yoda, H. and Alt, M. (2016) “Japandemonium: Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopaedia of Toriyama Sekien.”. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
5. Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
6. Varley, H.P (1980) “A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa.” New York: Columbia University Press.

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