• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Princess
  • Family: Takehaniyasuhiko (husband)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Atabime

Atabime (吾田媛) was the wife of Takehaniyasuhiko. The nihongi relates how she and her husband led armies to attack Emperor Sujin.

Her army attacked from Ohosaka and her husband from Yamashiro Province. Her army was attacked by Kibitsuhiko where she and all her men were killed.

Prior to this Yamatotohime states she had been seen on Mount Kagu taking soil from there. Placing it in her neckerchief she turned it upside down stating that this represented the land of Yamato.¹

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Warrior / Five Daibu
  • Family: –
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Hikokunibuku

Hikokunibuku is mentioned in the nihongi and kojiki.

Reign of Emperor Sujin

During the reign of Emperor Sujin he joins Ohobiko during the war against Takehaniyasuhiko going with him to Yamashiro Province to fight against Takehaniyasuhiko after setting sacred jars in the Pass of Wani.

Hikokunibuku begs the enemy to fire the first arrow, and after Takehaniyasu fires first and misses, he return fire and kills Takehaniyasu with one shot. The enemy then is routed and killed.¹²³

The kojiki states he is the ancestor of the Wani no Omi.²³

Reign of Emperor Suinin

During the following reign, he is said to have been one of the Five Daibu alongside Takenumakahawake, Ohokashima, Tochine no Ōmuraji and Takehi. They are gathered by Emperor Suinin to talk of the wisdom of the previous Emperor.¹

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
2. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Prince
  • Family: Emperor Kōgen (father) Haniyasuhime (mother) Atabime (wife)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Takehaniyasuhiko

Takehaniyasuhiko (武埴安彦命) was the son of Emperor Kōgen and Haniyasuhime.¹²³

During the reign of Emperor Sujin he planned to rise up against him and attack.¹²³

In the kojiki it says that Ohobiko made report of a strange song he had heard, the Emperor deducing this meant Takehaniyasuhiko meant to attack. And so he was sent with Hikokunibuku to stop Takehaniyasuhiko both of them heading to Yamashiro Province.

During the fight Takehaniyasuhiko shoots the first arrow and misses, Hikokunibuku returning fire and killing him with one shot. This causes his army to be routed and all of them are killed.²³

The nihongi states that he and his wife Atabime came to attack. However, the outcome is the same, with Hikokunibuku killing him with one arrow.¹

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
2. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Concubine
  • Family: Emperor Kōgen (husband) Takehaniyasuhiko (son)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Haniyasuhime

Haniyasuhime (埴安媛) was the concubine of Emperor Kōgen. Together the two of them had Takehaniyasuhiko.¹²³

In the kojiki she is said to have been the daughter of Awotama of Kafuchi.²³

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
2. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Princess
  • Family: Emperor Kōgen (father) Uchishikome (mother) Emperor Kaika (brother) Ohobiko (brother)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Yamatotohime

Yamatotohime (倭迹迹姫命) was the daughter of Emperor Kōgen and Uchishikome and so was the sister of Ohobiko and Emperor Kaika. She is also given the name of Yamatotohimomosobime¹. She does not appear to be mentioned in the kojiki.²

War with Takehaniyasu

When Ohobiko makes report to Emperor Sujin of a song he heard being sung by a woman he came across Yamatotohime deduces the song means that Takehaniyasuhiko means to attack the Emperor. She also believes further proof of this was that she saw his wife Atabime taking soil from Mount Kagu. Taking the soil, she placed it in her neckerchief and turned it over stating that it resembled the land of Yamato.¹

Marriage and Death

After the events of this war it is said she weds the kami Ōkuninushi. Never having seen his face as he only came at night, she asks him to show himself to her. He agrees, but says he will do so by hiding in her toilet bag.

In the morning when she opens it she finds a small snake inside and became startled. The kami embarassed she was fearful of him leaves her and returns to his home on Mount Mimoro. Saddened by this she kills herself by stabbing herself with chopsticks in her genitals.

She is then buried in Ohochi, her tomb coming to be known as Hashi no Haka (The Chopstick Tomb), a tomb which was built by men in the day time and the kami in the night. A song it also said to have been sung as it was built which went as follows:

If one passed from hand to hand
The rock
Built up
On Ohosaka
How hard twould be to send them!¹

Footnotes

1. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
2. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Prince / Shido Shogun / Five Daibu
  • Family: Ohobiko (father) Hikoinakoshiwake (brother)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Takenumakahawake

Takenumakahawake (武渟川別) was the son of Ohobiko and brother of Hikoinakoshiwake. He said to be the ancestor of the Abe no Omi in the kojiki.^v

Reign of Emperor Sujin

During the reign of his cousin Emperor Sujin he is instructed with his father, Hikoimasu and Kibitsuhiko to subdue the surrounding provinces.

The nihongi says he is sent to the ‘Eastern Sea,’³ the kojiki saying he is sent to the ‘twelve circuits’ to subdue the people there in the 10th year of his reign.¹²

Takenumakahawake then meets up with Ohobiko (after the events following the war with Takehaniyasuhiko) and make report to the Emperor.

The nihongi mentions him again in the same year of the Emperors reign when he is ordered to subdue the ‘savage tribes abroad’ with Ohobiko, Kibitsuhiko and Tambanochinushi. He, alongside the others return in the 11th year to make report of their victory.

Later in the 60th year of Sujin’s reign he is sent with Kibitsuhiko to put Izumo Furune to death.³

Reign of Emperor Suinin

During the following reign, he is said to have been one of the Five Daibu alongside Hikokunifuku, Ohokashima, Tochine no Ōmuraji and Takehi. They are gathered by Emperor Suinin to talk of the wisdom of the previous Emperor.³

Footnotes

1. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.
3. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Prince / Shido Shogun
  • Family: Emperor Kōgen (father) Uchishikome (mother) Emperor Kaika (brother) Sukunabikookokoro (brother) Yamatotohime (sister) Takenumakahawake (son) Hikoinakoshiwake (son) Mimakihime (daughter)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Ohobiko

Ohobiko (大彦命) was the son of Emperor Kōgen and Uchishikome.

Family

He was the brother to Emperor Kaika, Yamatotohime¹² and Sukunabikookokoro.¹

The kojiki lists him as the father of Takenumakahawake, Hikoinakoshiwake and Mimakihime.¹³

The nihongi lists him as ancestor of the Abe no Omi, Kashihade no Omi, Ahe no Omi, Sasakiyama no Kimi, Tsukushi no Miyakko, Koshi no Miyakko and Iga no Omi.²

Reign of Emperor Sujin

During the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Sujin he is sent out to subdue to provinces with three other man.¹²³ Ohobiko being sent to north according to the nihongi² and more specifically to Koshi Province in the kojiki.

After leaving he came across a girl who sings a cryptic song about the emperor. After asking the girl what the song means she disappears and so he returns to the emperor to report on what he saw.¹²³

Here the version of events differ slightly.

Kojiki Version

In the kojiki it says the emperor understanding the message says it must mean that Takehaniyasuhiko means to attack him. And so Ohobiko is asked to raise an army agaisnt him. Taking Hikokunibuku with him they set sacred jars at the Pass of Wani before departing. In Yamashiro Province, on the banks of the Wakara River they find Takehaniyasu waiting for them.

Takehaniyasu shoots an arrow first and misses, Hikokunubuku returning fire and killing Takehaniyasu with his shot causing his army to rout and flee.

The army is hunted down and killed and the two return to give a report to the Emperor.¹³

Nihongi Version

In the nihongi it states that his sister Yamatotohime understood the meaning of the song.

Takehaniyasu and his wife Atahime then arrive with their armies, coming from two directions. Atahime through Ohosaka and Takehaniyasu through Yamashiro.

Atahime is intercepted and defeating by Kibitsuhiko.

Ohohiko and Hikokunifuku head to Yamashiro after setting sacred jars. Again Takehaniyasu shoots first and misses, and Hikokunifuku shoots and kills Takehaniyasu.

After the war Ohobiko is later sent to subdue the ‘savage tribes abroad’ alongside Kibitsuhiko, Tambanochinushi and Takenumakahawake.²

Footnotes

1. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
3. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.

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Hear this tale on Episode B13 of our Podcast, the Japan Archives.

• • Reign: 214-158BC
  • Born: 273BC
  • Period: Legendary Period
  • Family: Emperor Kōrei (father) Kuwashi Hime (mother) Uchishikome (wife) Ohobiko (son) Emperor Kaika (son) Sukunabikookokoro (son) Yamatotohime (daughter) Ikagashikome (concubine) Hikofutooshimakoto (son) Haniyasuhime (concubine) Takehaniyasuhiko (son)
  • Burial place: misasagi on Tsurugi Lake
  • Order of Succession: Predecessor Emperor Kōrei  * Successor Emperor Kaika

Emperor Kōgen

Emperor Kōgen (孝元 天皇) was the 8th Emperor of Japan also known as Oyamatonekohikokunikuru (大倭根子日子国玖琉命)¹² He ruled from 214-158BC.¹

Family

Emperor Kōgen was the son of Emperor Kōrei and Kuwashi Hime.¹²

Both the nihongi and the kojiki agree on the family of Emperor Kōgen. Though the kojiki does go into much more detail for the decendants of his children.

He marred and made his Empress Uchishikome and together they had four childen Ohobiko, Emperor Kaika, Sukunabikookokoro and Yamatotohime.

With a concubine called Ikagashikome he had a son by the name of Hikofutooshimakoto. And with an additional concubine called Haniyasuhime he had another son by the name of Takehaniyasuhiko.²³⁴

Reign

Emperor Kōgen ascended the throne in 214BC¹⁵ after having been made heir to the throne in the “36th year, Spring, 1st month, 1st day” of his fathers reign. He is said to have been 19 at the time.²

Ponsonby says he was 60 when he took the throne.¹

Events from his reign detailed in the Nihongi are as follows:

• • 1st year, Spring, 1st month, 14th day – Kōgen ascends the throne. He gives the Empress the title Kodaigo.
  • 4th year, Spring, 3rd month, 11th day – Capital moved to Karu, residing in the Palace of Sakahibara.
  • 6th year, Autumn, 9th month, 6th day – Emperor Kōrei is buried in his misasagi on Mumazaka in Kataoka.
  • 7th year, Spring, 2nd month, 2nd day – Uchishikome is made Empress.
    • The Empress gives birth to Ohobiko, Emperor Kwaika and Yamatototohime.
    • With concubine Ikashikome they have Hikofutooshimakoto.
    • With concubine Haniyasuhime they have Takehaniyasuhiko.
  • 22nd year, Spring, 1st month, 14th day – Kwaika is made heir.
  • 57th year, Autumn, 9th month, 2nd day – The Emperor dies.

Kōgen died aged 116¹ though the Jinnō Shōtōki says he died aged 117⁵ and the kojiki says he died aged 57.³⁴ In total he is said to have ruled for 57 years.¹²⁵

His misasagi is located on Tsurugi Lake.²³⁴

He was buried in his misasagi on the “5th year, Spring, 2nd month, 6th day” of his sons reign.²

Footnotes

1. Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
2. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.
3. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Chamberlain, B. H. (1932) “Translation of the Kojiki.” Kobe: J.L. Thompson & Co.
5. Varley, H.P (1980) “A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa.” New York: Columbia University Press.

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• • Period: Legendary Period
  • Occupation: Prince / Shido Shogun
  • Family: Emperor Kōrei (father) Yamatonokunikahime (mother) Yamatototowakayabime (sister) Yamatototohimomosobime (sister) Hikosashikatawake (brother)
  • Birth: –
  • Death: –

Kibitsuhiko

Kibitsuhiko (吉備津彦命) was the son of Emperor Kōrei and Yamatonokunikahime. He was the brother of Yamatototohimomosobime, Yamatototowakayabime¹² and Hikosashikatawake.¹

In the kojiki he is given an alternative name of Hikoisaseribiko and is stated to be the ancestor of the Grandess of Kamutsumichi in Kibi.¹

In the pages of the kojiki it also states that with his half-brother Wakatakehiko they laid sacred jars on the River Hi in Harima. After this they went to subdue and pacify the area of Harima.¹

Reign of Emperor Sujin

We see Kibitsuhiko mentioned in the nihongi during the reign of Emperor Sujin (a dsitant relative of Kibitsuhiko).

Alongside Hikoimasu, Takenumakahawake and Ohobiko he is sent out to subdue the surrounding provinces in the 10th year of his reign. Kibitsuhiko is sent to the ‘Western Road.’

During the war against Takehaniyasuhiko in the same year of his reign. He is sent to intercept the forces of Atahime whom he defeats. Killing her and her men.

Later in the same year he is ordered to subdue the ‘savage tribes abroad’ with Takenumakahawake, Ohobiko and Tambanochinushi. He, alongside the others return in the 11th year to make report of their victory.

He is mentioned one more time in the 60th year of his reign when he is sent with Kibitsuhiko to put Izumo Furune to death.²

Footnotes

1. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.

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Hear about Ōkuninushi on Episode 62 of our Podcast, the Japan Archives.

• Affiliation: Shinto
• Kami of:
• Family: Amenofuyukinu (father) Sashikuniwakahime (mother) Susano-o (ancestor) Yamatotohime (wife) Ikutamayoribime (wife) Kushimigata (son) Ohotataneko (descendant)

Ōkuninushi

Ōkuninushi (大国主神 – Great Land Master¹) is a Shinto kami.

Family

The kojiki states he is the son of Amenofuyukinu and Sashikuniwakahime, due to this he is a decendant of Susano-o.¹

The nihongi list several alternative narratives for Ōkuninushi. In one it states he is the son of Susano-o, which is contracted by the kojiki and other alternative narratives in the nihongi.

Another version states he had in total, 181 children.²

Ohotataneko is said to be his son through Ikutamayoribime in the nihongi.² However, the kojiki says he is his decendant through Ikutamayoribime and their child Kushimigata.¹

Work with Sukunabikona

During his life he worked with Sukunabikona and together they made the ‘sub-celestial world.’ They also determined how to heal the diseases of man, how to protect against calamity from birds and creeping things. After all of this work Ōkuninushi stepped back to ask if the country they had made is well formed; to this Sukunabikona states some areas are complete, but there are areas of Japan still to finish. After this Suknabikona heads to Cape Kumano and leaves Ōkuninushi to head to the land of Tokoyo. Ōkuninushi then travels around Japan to find the areas still to be completed.

Finally finished he declares he will govern over all the land, asking if there was one who could govern with him. The kami Ōmiwa apears from the sea that he had been helping him all this time. If not for him he could not have subdued the land as he was Ōkuninushi’s guardian kami. After leaving the ocean Ōkuninushi asks where his guardian kami wished to live, and so he makes for him a shrine on Mount Mimoro in Yamato.²

A different version tells of how Ōkuninushi was pacifying the land in Obama in Isasa, Izumo Province. Here he came across a dwarf who came from the sea dressed in wren feathers. Ōkuninushi takes the small kami into his hand only to see them jump up to bite him on the cheek. He goes up to Heaven to ask about this event, Takamimusuhi saying this kami was Sukunabikona; his wicked child who would not follow instructions.²

Plague during Emperor Sujin’s Reign

During the reign of Emperor Sujin there was a plague and so the Emperor communed with the Miwa no Ohomonomishu (Ōkuninushi)

The tale then differs depending on the kojiki or nihongi.

In the kojiki the kami says that if he appoints Ohotataneko as chief of his shrine then the plague will pass, after having this man found and finding out he was a descendant of Ōkuninushi he is made High Prirest of this kami on Mount Mimoro.¹

In the nihongi the kami says if were worshipped correctly then the plague would pass. This did not happen and so after being contacted again he is told to locate Ohotataneko and make him head of his shrine. This would cause the plague to abate but would also make the lands over the sea give submission.

Two people known as Yamatototokamiasachihara maguhashihime and Ohominakuchino Sukune then have a dream saying that placing Ohotataneko as head priest of Ohomonomushi and Ichishinonagaochi as head priest of Ohokunidama would lead to peace. (Both of these kami names are names for Ōkuninushi)

Ohotataneko is found and he relates how he is the son of Ōkuninushi.²

Marriage to Yamatotohime

After the war against Takehaniyasuhiko in the reign of Emperor Sujin it is said Yamatotohime became married to him.

He never showed himself to her during the day, only coming at night. And so she asked to see him in the day time. He said he would do so and that he will for her in the morning in her toilet case. Shen she opens it in the morning she finds a small snake and is startled. Ōkuninushi becomes ashamed and so leaves for Mount Mimoro. Yamatotohime saddened that he had left her, she kills herself with chopsticks by stabbing herself in the genitals.²

Reign of Emperor Suinin

During his reign it is revealed Ōkuninushi is the reason why his son Homutsuwake cannot speak. If the prince pays reverence to him at his shrine and also builds him a shrine in the style of the Emperors home he would give him the ability to speak again. Once he had prayed to the kami he could speak.

And so Unakami was sent to build the desired shrine for the kami.¹

Other Names

This kami has many alternative names used throughout the Kojiki and the Nihongi. These are detailed below with an explanation associated with their meaning if we have one.

• Ōanamuji (大穴牟遅神 – Great Iron Mines Noble)  – This refers to mines between the realm of humans and the underworld. The Engi Rites list shrines for this kami across Honshu.¹
• Ōnamochi (大己貴神 – Great Name Bearer¹)
• Ohokunidama²
• Ashiharashikoo (葦原色許男, 葦原醜男 – Grim Man of the Reed Plains) A deregetory name given by Susano-o. This name also seen in Fudoki, when Amenohihoko wrests land from him in Harima. The shiko element (grim, ugly, foul) can refer to defilement from the underworld, but can also express respectful ackowlegement of anothers power and authority.¹
• Miwa no Ohomonomishu²
• Yachihoko (八千矛神, 八千戈神 – Eight Thousand Spears) Name relates to the iron he possesses.¹
• Utsushikunitama (宇都志国玉神, 顕国玉神 – Daylight Land Soul) – Refers to land beyond the mouth of mines leading to the underworld.¹

Footnotes

1. Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Aston. W.G. (1896) “Nihongi Volume 1: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD697”. Tuttle Publishing.

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